November 2006

Introduction

This knowledge path, compiled by the Maternal and Child Health Library at Georgetown University, offers a selection of recent, high-quality resources about child and adolescent health insurance and access to care. Emphasis is placed on Medicaid and the State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP). The knowledge path is aimed at health professionals, program administrators, policymakers, and researchers. It includes a section on child and adolescent health coverage campaigns. A separate section lists resources for families. This knowledge path will be updated periodically.

Related knowledge path topics: See Children and adolescents with special health care needs for resources about health insurance and access to care for children and adolescents with special health care needs, Early and Periodic Screening, Diagnostic, and Treatment (EPSDT) services for resources about the provision of EPSDT services under Medicaid, and Oral health and children and adolescents for resources about accessing and financing oral health care.

Overview

• See State of kids coverage (2006). This report was prepared by the State Health Access Data Assistance Center (SHADAC) for a Covering Kids and Families (CKF) campaign. The report compares data about uninsured and publicly and privately insured children and adolescents in the United States overall and by state for the years before and after the implementation of SCHIP. In addition, data about the number of uninsured children and adolescents by race and ethnicity are analyzed. The report also examines the consequences of being without health insurance for all or part of the year compared to having full-year insurance coverage.
  

  
  

Web Sites: A-Z

• Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ). Contains data from the Kids' Inpatient Database (KID), Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS), and National Quality Measures Clearinghouse™ (NQMC) along with research results about child and adolescent health insurance and access to health care. AHRQ is the health services research arm of the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). Resources and initiatives include

  Child Health Insurance Research Initiative (CHIRI™). Offers program information and research findings for policymakers to help them improve access to, and the quality of, health care for children and adolescents from families with low incomes.

  Child Health Toolbox: Measuring Performance in Child Health Programs Access, Quality, and Health Service Delivery. Contains tips and tools to help state and local policymakers and program administrators evaluate Medicaid, SCHIP, Title V, and other health care service programs for children and adolescents.

• Alliance for Health Reform. Provides background materials, transcripts, and Webcasts from briefings about child and adolescent health insurance. The alliance is a nonpartisan, nonprofit group aiming to inform elected officials, their staffs, journalists, policy analysts, and advocates about health coverage issues. Recent resources include

  Health care coverage in America: Understanding the issues and proposed solutions. (2007).

  Health services for children: The role of Medicaid and its benefit package. (2005).

  Improving coverage stability for kids in Medicaid and SCHIP. (2006).

  Outreach and enrollment for kids. (2005).

  SCHIP and Medicaid enrollment: What's next? (2006).

• American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP): Access to Care, Medicaid, and the State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP). Offers fact sheets, policy statements, grant and program information, an evaluation tool, and outreach and enrollment strategies. Initiatives and recent resources include

  2006 pediatric medical cost model, rev. ed. (2006). This is an actuarial analysis of AAP's recommended comprehensive children's health benefit package.

  Community Access to Child Health (CATCH) Program. Provides grant information and tools for pediatricians to develop and implement a community-based child health initiative to ensure that all children have medical homes and access to any other needed health care services.

  Healthy Tomorrows Partnership for Children Program (HTPCP). Offers information about this grant program to support community-based efforts to improve access to health care for families.

  Medicaid and child health care. (2005). This set of fact sheets for every state explains the importance of the Medicaid program and how children rely on it for their health care. AAP developed the fact sheets with the National Association of Children's Hospitals (NACH).

• Census Bureau. Offers data about health insurance coverage in the United States. Recent reports include

  Income, poverty, and health insurance coverage in the United States: 2005. (2006).

• Center for Children and Families (CCF). Presents analyses of federal policy developments and state-based initiatives affecting the health care coverage of America's families. CCF is based at Georgetown University's Health Policy Institute. Recent publications include

  SCHIP eligibility primer. (2006).

  SCHIP financing primer. (2006).

  Success story: Closing the insurance gap for America's children through Medicaid and SCHIP. (2005).

  Why Medicaid matters: The frontline perspectives of people with chronic conditions. (2005). An executive summary is available.

  Also see the institute's consumer resource, healthinsuranceinfo.net.

• Center for Health Care Strategies (CHCS). Provides program and grant information and resources for policymakers, researchers, consumer groups, and others involved in the design, implementation, and monitoring of Medicaid and SCHIP managed care. CHCS is a nonprofit policy resource center that promotes high-quality health care services for low-income populations and people with chronic illnesses and disabilities. Recent publications include

  Enhancing child development services in Medicaid managed care: A best clinical and administrative practices toolkit. (2005).

  Improving coordination between school-based health centers and Medicaid managed care. (2004).

• Center for Health Services Research and Policy (CHSRP). Presents analyses of developments in Medicaid, SCHIP, and Medicare policies and the impact of these developments on health care access, quality, and financing. CHSRP is located at the George Washington University School of Public Health and Health Services. Recent publications include

  Defined-contribution plans and limited-benefit arrangements: Implications for Medicaid beneficiaries. (2006).

  From SCHIP benefit design to individual coverage decisions. (2006).

  Medicaid's role in treating children in military families. (2005).

  National security and U.S. child health policy: The origins and continuing role of Medicaid and EPSDT. (2005).
  

• Center for Studying Health System Change (HSC). Contains issue briefs, reports, data bulletins, and articles about Medicaid and SCHIP. HSC aims to inform policymakers about how local and national changes in the financing and delivery of health care affect people. Recent publications include

  Public coverage provides vital safety net for children with special health care needs. (2005).

• Center on Budget and Policy Priorities (CBPP). Contains analyses of state health insurance programs and barriers that prevent eligible families from accessing coverage. CBPP is a nonpartisan research and policy organization that focuses on government policies and programs, particularly those affecting people with low and moderate incomes. A selection of recent publications include

  Children in foster care may have to delay health care because of federal regulations on citizenship requirement. (2006).

  Differences that make a difference: Comparing Medicaid and the State Children's Health Insurance Program federal benefits standards. (2005).

  Freezing SCHIP funding in SCHIP reauthorization would threaten recent gains in health coverage. (2006).

  Medicaid and SCHIP retention in challenging times: Strategies from managed care organizations. (2005).

  Also see CBPP's Start Healthy, Stay Healthy Campaign.

• Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS). Contains general information about Medicaid with links to eligibility information. Offers an overview of the EPSDT program, which provides comprehensive health services for infants, children, and adolescents enrolled in Medicaid. Also contains resources about SCHIP, including an overview of the program and state plans and state plan amendments. CMS administers Medicare, Medicaid, and SCHIP.
  
  
• Child and Adolescent Health Measurement Initiative (CAHMI): Medicaid Implementation of CAHMI Tools. Offers a set of tools for measuring and communicating information about the quality of Medicaid services for children and adolescents. CAHMI works to ensure that children, adolescents, and families are at the center of quality measurement and improvement efforts in order to advance a high-quality consumer-centered health care system. Also see CAHMI's Data Resource Center for Child and Adolescent Health (DRC).
  
  
• Childrens Defense Fund (CDF): A Healthy Start. Offers basic information about Medicaid and SCHIP, information about federal health insurance enrollment initiatives, caregiver materials, and reports about child and adolescent health insurance and access to care. CDF is a research and advocacy group for infants, children, and adolescents. Recent initiatives and publications include

  Improving children's health: Understanding children's health disparities and promising approaches to address them. (2006).

  Also see the 100% Campaign.

• Commonwealth Fund. Contains program information and an extensive collection of reports about child and adolescent health and development and health care coverage for families. The Commonwealth Fund is a private foundation that supports independent research on health care issues to promote a high-performing health care system for all Americans. The Commonwealth Fund offers an electronic alert service. Recent publications and initiatives include

  Automatically enrolling eligible children and families into Medicaid and SCHIP: Opportunities, obstacles, and options for federal policymakers. (2006).

  Comparing EPSDT and commercial insurance benefits. (2005).

  EPSDT and children's coverage costs. (2005).

  EPSDT: An overview. (2005).

  How Medicaid and EPSDT promote healthy child development among children with special health care needs. (2005).

  How medical claims simplification can impede delivery of child developmental services. (2005).

  HRSA state planning grant update: A review of coverage strategies and pilot planning activities. (2005).

  Instability of public health insurance coverage for children and their families: Causes, consequences, and remedies. (2006).

  Medicaid/EPSDT: An investment in human capital. A fund e-forum. (2006).

  Program on the Future of Health Insurance. Offers grant information and related reports about this program to identify strategies to expand and improve health insurance coverage for America's workers and their families.

• Community Voices: HealthCare for the Underserved (CV). Contains program information, articles, and policy briefs about community efforts to improve access to high-quality health care services in underserved communities. CV is a national initiative of the W. K. Kellogg Foundation.
  
  
• Department of Health and Human Services: Office of the Inspector General. Offers a series of reports about studies conducted in eight states to assess whether sampled children in foster care are receiving health care services that fulfill federal and state requirements, including EPSDT medical and dental examinations and an initial health examination upon entry into foster care. The state reports are Georgia (2005), Illinois (2004), Kansas (2003), New Jersey (2003), New York (2005), North Dakota (2004), Oregon (2004), and Texas (2004).
  
  
• EXPRESSLANE. Offers tools and program examples to help communities and states increase children's enrollment in public health insurance programs by connecting Medicaid and SCHIP with other public programs that have similar eligibility guidelines, such as the Food Stamp Program and the School Lunch Program. The Web site is a service of The Children's Partnership. Recent publications include

  California's Express Enrollment Program: Lessons from the Medi-Cal/School Lunch Pilot Program and suggested next steps in making enrollment gateways efficient and effective. (2006).

  Express Lane Eligibility Project: Evaluation report. (2006).

  Opening doorways to health care for children: 10 steps to ensure eligible but uninsured children get health insurance. (2006).

• Families USA. Includes legislative news and tools about Medicaid and children's health. Families USA advocates at the national, state, and local levels for high-quality, affordable health care for all Americans. In addition to an electronic newsletter, resources include

  Making It Work for Consumers. Offers resources for consumer-assistance programs, states, and advocates to help consumers establish their eligibility for Medicaid and to get Medicaid to cover their health care needs.

  Medicaid Action Center. Contains tools for advocating to keep Medicaid a guarantee of health insurance for vulnerable populations, including vulnerable children and adolescents. Includes information about changes to Medicaid nationally and at the state level.

  Medicaid Waiver Toolbox. Contains resources for tracking the Section 1115 waiver process that states can use to make changes to their Medicaid and SCHIP programs.

• Health Coverage Coalition for the Uninsured. Presents information about this diverse coalition of 16 leading, national health care organizations that have forged an agreement to expand health insurance coverage for individuals who are uninsured. Includes access to a two-phased consensus proposal.
  
  
• HRSA Medicaid Primer. Offers a set of fact sheets to assist state and local health officials in understanding how Medicaid works and how it can assure access to health services for underserved populations, including eligible children and adolescents. This primer is provided by the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA).
  
  
• Incenter Strategies. Offers resources to promote comprehensive, interidsciplinary models of physical and behavioral health care for adolescents that are easily accessible and appropriate. Incenter Strategies is devoted to education, research, policy analysis, and technical assistance to support improvements in the way adolescent health care is structured and financed. Recent publications include

  Making the case for adolescent health. (2007).

  Preliminary thoughts on restructuring Medicaid to promote adolescent health. (2007).

• Institute for Child Health Policy (ICHP): Focus on Evaluation. Offers evaluations of Florida's Medicaid and SCHIP programs. In addition, ICHP's National Center on Financing for Children with Special Health Care Needs includes program information, publications, and educational materials about financing and reimbursement strategies for children and adolescents with special health care needs. ICHP is a statewide institution of Florida's state university system.
  
  
• Institute of Medicine (IOM): The Consequences of Uninsurance. Contains information and reports from this 3-year study about lacking health insurance and its implications for uninsured individuals, their families, their communities, and the nation. IOM is part of the National Academy of Sciences.
  
  
• Kaiser Family Foundation (KFF): Medicaid/SCHIP. Contains a wealth of resources, including news, publications, program information, a Medicaid benefits database, and state-level data about health care coverage and access for families with low incomes. KaiserEDU.org offers online tutorials and links to research, policy analysis, and data on Medicaid and SCHIP for faculty and students. KFF is an independent philanthropy focusing on national health care issues. Recent materials include

  Enrolling uninsured low-income children in Medicaid and SCHIP. (2005).

  Financing health coverage: The State Children's Health Insurance Program experience. (2005).

  Health coverage for low-income populations: A comparison of Medicaid and SCHIP. (2006).

  In a time of growing need: State choices influence health coverage access for children and families. (2005).

  Increasing premiums and cost sharing in Medicaid and SCHIP: Recent state experiences. (2005).

  Medicaid and SCHIP eligibility for immigrants. (2006).

  Navigating Medicare and Medicaid, 2005: A resource guide for people with disabilities, their families, and their advocates. (2005).

  Opening doorways to health care for children: 10 steps to ensure eligible but uninsured children get health insurance. (2006).

  Outreach strategies for Medicaid and SCHIP: An overview of effective strategies and activities. (2006).

  SCHIP enrollment in 50 states. (2005).

• National Academy for State Health Policy (NASHP). Provides state program information and reports for state policymakers about health care access for the uninsured, Medicaid, and SCHIP. NASHP is a nonpartisan public policy center focusing on state health policy and practice. Recent resources include

  Charting SCHIP III: An analysis of the third comprehensive survey of State Children's Health Insurance Programs. (2006).

  CHIPCentral.org. Presents information for state and federal officials and policymakers about SCHIP policy and implementation. Topics include SCHIP program design; outreach, enrollment, and retention; access to and quality of care; federal and state financing; and program evaluation.

  Covering All Kids, All the Time. Offers fact sheets, issue briefs, research findings, and key recommendations from state and national experts about providing health insurance coverage to all children and adolescents continuously. Also provides links to states with plans or programs covering all children and adolescents.

  Making Medicaid work for the 21st century: Improving health and long-term care coverage for low-income Americans. (2005). A series of issue briefs accompany the report.

  SCHIP buy-in programs. (2006).

  Strategies for improving access to mental health services in SCHIP programs. (2006).

  What families think about cost-sharing policies in SCHIP. (2005).

• National Center for Farmworker Health (NCFH): SCHIP/Medicaid Policy. Offers reports about state efforts to increase access to Medicaid and SCHIP for migrant farmworkers and their families. NCFH is dedicated to improving the health status of farmworker families nationally.
  
  
• National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL). Offers legislative news, issue briefs, charts, and an electronic newsletter for state policymakers and the public about health finance, cost, insurance, Medicaid, and SCHIP. NCSL, an association of state lawmakers and legislative staff members, conducts research and offers technical assistance on state issues, including health policy. In addition to a database of Medicaid benefits and a compilation of state Medicaid reform waivers and amendments, recent resources include

  State Children's Health Insurance Program charts, rev. ed. (2005).

  State of children's health insurance: Who's covered and who's not? (2006).

• National Council of La Raza (NCLR): Access to Health Insurance. Offers legislative news, reports, and background materials about eliminating or reducing barriers that prevent Latino families from accessing health care. Includes information about efforts to restore legal immigrants' eligibility for Medicaid and SCHIP. NCLR is the largest Latino civil rights and advocacy organization in the United States. Recent publications include

  Backgrounder: Citizenship documentation requirement comes into effect. (2006).

  Role of employer-sponsored health coverage for immigrants: A primer. (2006).

• National Health Law Program (NHeLP). Offers manuals, issue briefs, case dockets, and other resources about Medicaid, SCHIP, and children's access to health care. NHeLP is a national public-interest law firm that aims to improve health care for families with low incomes, minorities, the elderly, and people with disabilities. Initiatives and publications include
  
  Children’s health under Medicaid: A national review of Early and Periodic Screening, Diagnosis and Treatment, 3rd ed. (2005).

  Deficit Reduction Act of 2005: Reference chart. (2006).

  State responses to the CMS policy change on Medicaid coverage for newborns. (2006).

  Waiver Watch. Monitors Medicaid and SCHIP waiver requests from states seeking to redesign their programs.

  Also see NHeLP's Healthcarecoach.com.

• SCHIP Evaluation. Contains information and publications about national evaluations of SCHIP to determine the effectiveness of the program and to provide information to guide future federal and state policy. This resource is provided by the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation (ASPE), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). Recent reports include

  Congressionally mandated evaluation of the State Children's Health Insurance Program: Final report to Congress. (2005).

• State Coverage Initiatives (SCI). Offers information for state policymakers on best practices for planning, implementing, and maintaining health insurance expansions and improving the availability and affordability of health care coverage. Resources include a database of reports written by states about their health coverage programs and expansion strategies, a state coverage matrix presenting strategies used by states to expand health insurance coverage, and an online newsletter. SCI is a national program of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (RWJF). Recent publications include

  State of the states. (2006). This annual report describes health coverage expansion efforts in all 50 states and Washington, D.C.

  Uncharted territory: Current trends in Section 1115 demonstrations. (2006).

• State Health Access Data Assistance Center (SHADAC). Offers survey research tools, issue briefs, data analyses, reports, and other resources about health care access and coverage at the state level. SHADAC is a state-level health policy analysis and research center at the University of Minnesota School of Public Health. See SHADAC's recent report, State of kids coverage (2006) prepared for a Covering Kids and Families (CKF) campaign.
  
  
• Urban Institute (UI): Health Policy Center. Includes many publications that examine issues affecting child and adolescent health insurance and access to care. Also offers a wealth of resources from Assessing the New Federalism, a multiyear research project to analyze how children and families fare during a time of major change in federal-state strategies for supporting low-income families. Program components comprise the National Survey of America's Families and state reports and profiles, including profiles of health insurance, access, and use. UI is a nonpartisan economic and social policy research organization. Recent publications include

  Assessing the gains from Medicaid coverage: Evidence for the nation and 13 states. (2006).

  Evaluation of the San Mateo County Children's Health Initiative: Second annual report. (2005).

  Healthy start for the Los Angeles Healthy Kids program: Findings from the first evaluation case study. (2006).

  Los Angeles Healthy Kids improves access to care for young children: Early results from the Healthy Kids evaluation. (2006).

  Medicaid spending on foster children. (2005).

  Racial and ethnic differences in insurance coverage and health care access and use: A synthesis of findings from the Assessing the New Federalism project. (2006).

  Role of Medicaid and SCHIP as an insurance safety net. (2006).

  What do parents say about the Los Angeles Healthy Kids program? Findings from the first evaluation focus groups. (2006).

  Why do people lack health insurance? (2006).

• Also see Family Voices.

  
  

Additional Electronic Publications

• Allen KG. 2007. Children's health insurance: State experiences in implementing SCHIP and considerations for reauthorization. Washington, DC: Government Accountability Office (GAO). This report presents testimony of the GAO before the U.S. Senate Committee on Finance. The testimony addresses trends in SCHIP enrollment and the current composition of SCHIP programs across the states, states' spending experiences under SCHIP, and considerations for SCHIP reauthorization.
  
  
• Association of Maternal and Child Health Programs (AMCHP). 2005. Working together: The relationship between MCH Title V and Medicaid. Washington, DC: Association of Maternal and Child Health Programs. This fact sheet describes how two federal programs created by the Social Security Act, the Maternal and Child Health Services Block Grant (Title V), and Medicaid (Title XIX) collaborate to ensure that families with low incomes receive the health services they need.
  
  
• Communities in Charge. 2005. Improving access to health care: Building a community-based program. Cleveland. OH: Communities in Charge. This manual highlights the knowledge gained from an initiative to help 12 communities design and implement new community-based approaches to financing and developing health care for the uninsured or to significantly expand existing approaches.
  
  
• Damiano PC, Tyler MC. 2005. Hawk-i: Impact on access and health status. Iowa City, IA: University of Iowa Public Policy Center. This report evaluates the Healthy and Well Kids in Iowa (hawk-i) Program, Iowa's SCHIP. Topics include access to health care, health status, and the family environment of enrolled children. Other evaluations of hawk-i are available.
  
  
• English A, Stinnett AJ, Dunn-Georgiou E. 2006. Health care for adolescents and young adults leaving foster care: Policy options for improving access. Chapel Hill, NC: Center for Adolescent Health and the Law. The issue brief explains how Medicaid and SCHIP can be used for adolescents and young adults leaving foster care.
  
  
• Fox HB, Limb SJ. 2005. States' use of Medicaid options for expanding children's eligibility. Washington, DC: Maternal and Child Health Policy Research Center. This fact sheet reports on states' options for expanding Medicaid eligibility to children who do not qualify for mandatory coverage.
  
  
• Fox H, McManus P. 2005. 50-state analysis of Medicaid benefit coverage for children without EPSDT. Washington, DC: Maternal and Child Health Policy Research Center. This memorandum provides an analysis of limits on the amount, duration, and scope of Medicaid coverage that would be available to children in 50 states (excluding Oregon and including the District of Columbia) if the EPSDT benefits requirement were eliminated and states applied the coverage policies currently in effect for categorically needy adults.
  
  
• Grantmakers in Health. 2006. More coverage, better care: Improving children's access to health services. Washington, DC: Grantmakers in Health. This report provides descriptive information on trends in children's health insurance as well as delivery system improvements that complement efforts to expand children's coverage. Effective grantmaking strategies are also discussed.
  
  
• Harbage P. 2006. Healthy Families facts and figures: Coverage for low-income children in California. Oakland, CA: California HealthCare Foundation. This report describes Healthy Families, California's SCHIP program.
  
  
• Lewin Group. 2006. Estimated cost and coverage: Impacts of four proposals to expand health insurance coverage for children in California. Los Angeles, CA: California Endowment. This report compares four proposals to expand health insurance coverage for children in California.
  
  
• Maternal and Child Health Bureau (MCHB). 2005. Health and well-being of children: A portrait of states and the nation 2005. Rockville, MD: Maternal and Child Health Bureau. This chartbook provides an overview of children's health characteristics, brings together national and state-level data, and points to a need to improve access to health care for children from families with low incomes, children with no health insurance, and children with special health care needs.
  
  
• National Rural Health Association (NRHA). 2004. Health insurance access in rural America. Kansas City, MO: National Rural Health Association. This policy brief outlines the challenges families face in obtaining health insurance and care in rural areas of the United States, and it recommends strategies for overcoming these challenges.
  
  
• Pew Center on the States. 2006. Special report on Medicaid: Bridging the gap between care and cost. Washington, DC: Pew Center on the States. This report on Medicaid analyzes how state Medicaid programs are wrestling with rising costs and highlights examples of which innovations are working, which are not, and why.
  
  
• Quinn A, Rosenbach M. 2005. Beyond coverage: SCHIP makes strides toward providing a usual source of care to low-income children. Final report. Cambridge, MA: Mathematica Policy Research, Inc. This report synthesizes qualitative and quantitative evidence on the extent to which SCHIP enrollees report having a usual source of care.
  
  
• Rivas C, Galloway-Gilliam L. 2006. Path to accessing health coverage: Outreach, enrollment, retention and utilization. Los Angeles, CA: California Endowment. This policy brief identifies the challenges and opportunities for covering more than 800,000 uninsured children in California and presents principles to strengthen outreach, enrollment, retention, and utilization in California.
  
  
• Rubin D, Halfon N, Raghavan R, Rosenbaum S. 2005. Protecting children in foster care: Why proposed Medicaid cuts harm our nation's most vulnerable youth. Seattle, WA: Casey Family Programs. This report examines Medicaid's role in providing health care to children and adolescents in foster care and assesses the implications of various Medicaid reform proposals. Related publications, including a fact sheet presenting the report's key observations and recommendations as well as profiles of young adults formerly in foster care, are also available.
  
  
• Ryan J. 2005. Local coverage initiatives: Solution or Band-aid for the uninsured? Washington, DC: National Health Policy Forum. This issue brief surveys health-care-coverage expansion initiatives that are operating on the county or local level, often without federal funding.
  
  
• Seid M, Varni JW, Cummings L, Schonlau M. 2006. Impact of realized access to care on health-related quality of life: A two-year prospective cohort study of children in the California State Children's Health Insurance Program. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation. This research brief examines SCHIP's effect on children's access to needed health services and on their quality of life. The study found that, after enrollment, children received needed health care services more frequently and also reported quality-of-life improvements, such as doing better in school, feeling better physically, and getting along better with peers.
  
  
• Shirk C, Ryan J. 2006. Premium assistance in Medicaid and SCHIP: Ace in the hole or house of cards? Washington, DC: National Health Policy Forum. This issue brief explores the use of federal and state funds to subsidize the premiums for the purchase of private insurance coverage for eligible individuals in Medicaid and SCHIP.
  
  
• Stevens GD, Cousineau MR, Rice K. 2006. Monitoring the expansion of children's health initiatives in California. Los Angeles, CA: California Endowment. Healthy Kids programs, both operational and planned, have emerged in 31 California counties and have enrolled more than 85,000 children, changing the insurance landscape for children in the state. This evaluation brief describes the experiences of and challenges faced by these innovative programs.
  
  
• Trenholm C, Howell EM, Hughes D, Orzol S. 2005. Santa Clara County Healthy Kids Program: Impacts on children's medical, dental, and vision care: Final report. Princeton, NJ: Mathematica Policy Research, Inc. This report profiles the children and families who participate in Healthy Kids, an innovative program in Santa Clara County, California, which serves children from families with low incomes who are ineligible for state programs. The program is a model for other similar initiatives across the state.
  
  
• University of Southern California Division of Community Health. 2006.