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Preconception and Pregnancy
Knowledge Path

Introduction

This knowledge path directs readers to a selection of current, high-quality resources that analyze data, describe effective programs, and report on policy and research aimed at improving access to and quality of preconception and prenatal care to improve perinatal health outcomes. This knowledge path can be used by health professionals, program administrators, policymakers, and researchers to learn more about preconception and pregnancy, for program development, and to locate training resources and information to answer specific questions. A separate brief lists resources for families. This knowledge path has been developed by the MCH Library at Georgetown University and will be updated periodically. View Related MCH Library Resources for guides about childbirth, fertility and infertility, medications, nutrition during preconception and pregnancy, and more.

Resources for Professionals

Websites

Additional Electronic Resources

Databases

The databases listed below are excellent tools for identifying data, additional literature and research, and programs about preconception and pregnancy. Many of the entries below contain tips on how to use the databases efficiently. Please note that databases vary in how terms should be entered; for example, some require quotation marks and others don't. Enter search phrases as shown in bold below.

Data
  • Child Trends DataBank. Data briefs about pregnancy and birth.

  • Community Health Status Indicators (CHSI). County-specific data on health status indicators obtained from a variety of federal agencies including DHHS, the Environmental Protection Agency, the Census Bureau, and the Department of Labor. Use the indicators to compare a county with counties similar in population composition and selected demographics and to characterize the overall health of a county and its citizens to support health planning. Select a state and county and click on Display Data. Select Measures of Birth and Death to view birth measures including births to women who received no care in the first trimester of pregnancy.

  • Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP): HCUPnet. Health statistics and information on hospital inpatient and emergency department utilization at the national, regional, and state levels. To identify data about hospital use related to pregnancy and childbirth, select National Statistics on All Stays or State Statistics on All Stays. Select Researcher, medical professional. Under type of query, select Statistics on specific diagnoses or procedures. Select a year (e.g., 2009). Select Diagnoses grouped by Clinical Classifications Software (CCS). Select Principal diagnosis. Under the field, Browse all CCS categories, scroll to 11 COMPLICATIONS OF PREGNANCY, CHILDBIRTH, AND THE PUERPERIUM. Highlight the category of interest (e.g., Normal pregnancy and/or delivery). Hold the control key down and click to make multiple selections. Click on Next. Select the outcomes and measures of interest (e.g., Number of discharges) and click on Next. Select patient and hospital characteristics (e.g., All patients in all hospitals) and click on Next. View your results. Also see the set of HCUP statistical briefs about pregnancy and childbirth.

  • Health Indicators Warehouse (HIW). National, state, and community health indicators organized by topic, geography, and initiative. Data are provided by agencies and offices within DHHS. To identify indicators about preconception and pregnancy, click on Select a topic and choose Maternal and Infant Health. Scan and select an indicator. Use the filters to narrow the list of indicators. Toggle between an overview of the survey and the data.

  • Kaiser Family Foundation: statehealthfacts.org. State-level data on more than 700 health topics, including infertility diagnosis and treatment, prenatal care, births, and health care access. View individual state profiles or compare data for all states by category.

  • March of Dimes (MOD): PeriStats. Maternal and infant health–related data at the national, state, county, and city levels. Topics include prenatal care, folic acid, substance use, preterm birth, infants with low birthweights, singletons and multiples, infant mortality, and health insurance coverage. Create graphs and maps. View fact sheets and state summaries. Data are referenced to the relevant source.

  • National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS): VitalStats. Interactive maps and tables for over 100 public-use birth variables such as low birthweight, gestation, pregnancy-associated risk factors, and Cesarean deliveries.

  • National Quality Measures Clearinghouse™ (NQMC). Evidence-based health-care-quality measures and measure sets for physicians, hospitals, and health plans to evaluate and improve the quality of health care for consumers. Identify measures by selecting Advanced Search. Type pregnancy in the Keyword field. Click on Show results to get your results.

  • Office on Women's Health (OWH) Quick Health Data Online. County, state, regional, and national women's health data, including maternal health and reproductive health.

  • Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS). State-specific, population-based data on maternal attitudes and experiences before, during, and immediately following pregnancy.

  • Title V Information System (Title V IS). Data from annual Title V Block Grant applications and reports submitted by all 59 U.S. states and jurisdictions. To learn about states' efforts to improve pregnancy outcomes, conduct several searches. Select Financial Data to view state and federal budget and expenditure data on prenatal care for pregnant women. Under Program Data, find the number of pregnant women served by Title V, health screening and treatment information by states, Medicaid/non-Medicaid comparison of prenatal care services, and eligibility criteria for pregnant women for Medicaid and the Children's Health Insurance Program. Also view Measurement and Indicator Data to learn about states' efforts to address a core set of performance and outcome measures that include services for pregnant women. Title V IS is a service of the Maternal and Child Health Bureau (MCHB). Also see MCHB's Discretionary Grant Information System (DGIS).

  • Also see the Morbidity & Mortality Weekly Reports (MMWR), the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), and Women's Health USA.
Literature and Research Databases
  • Bioethics Research Library at Georgetown University. Citations to literature on bioethics and professional ethics, information about bioethics organizations, and descriptions of bioethics syllabi. Topics include preconception and pregnancy.

  • ClinicalTrials.gov. Information about clinical research studies for a wide range of diseases and conditions. To identify studies, select Search for Clinical Trials. Enter preconception OR pregnancy in the Search Terms field. Click on Search to get your results.

  • Maternal and Child Health Research Program: Funded Projects Search. Information about research grants issued annually by the Maternal and Child Health Bureau (MCHB). Identify grants by making a selection in the Key Terms field (e.g., Perinatal, Preconception Health, Pregnancy). Click on Go to get your results.

  • MCH Library at the National Center for Education in Maternal and Child Health (NCEMCH), Georgetown University. Databases to collect, manage, and disseminate knowledge about MCH, with special emphasis on knowledge gained from initiatives and programs supported by the Maternal and Child Health Bureau (MCHB). The library's bibliographic databases are

    Healthy Start Collection Database. Online catalog of over 2,000 items developed by Healthy Start sites, including brochures, bylaws, curricula, marketing materials, policies, and national evaluation reports along with other material related to maternal and infant health. Materials are classified according to the nine Healthy Start models of intervention that range from community-based consortia to risk prevention and reduction. Search the database using the term prenatal, and narrow your search by selecting a model of intervention, project name, or additional terms.

    MCHLine®. Online catalog of materials in the MCH Library. A selection of recent library items on the topic is located in the following bibliographies: Adolescent Prenatal Care, AIDS/HIV in Pregnancy, Home Visiting and Resource Mothers, Nutrition During Pregnancy, Prematurity, Prenatal Care, Smoking During Pregnancy, and Substance Use During Pregnancy. To identify materials about preconception, type preconception in the keyword field of the database search form.

    The MCH Library also offers organizations and programs databases.

  • National Guideline Clearinghouse (NGC). Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines and related materials for health professionals. Identify guidelines on the topic by entering preconception OR prenatal in the search box. Click on Go to get your results.

  • National Institutes of Health (NIH) Research Portfolio Online Reporting Tool (RePORT): RePORTER. Access to reports, data, and analyses of NIH research activities, including information on NIH expenditures and the results of NIH-supported research. To identify information, enter preconception OR pregnancy in the Text Search field. Click on Submit Query to get your results. Narrow your searches by selecting a project start date or adding terms to other search fields.

  • National Library of Medicine (NLM).

    PubMed. Citations for biomedical articles from MEDLINE and life science journals. Citations may include links to full-text content from PubMed Central and publisher websites. To identify citations on the topic, enter preconception care OR prenatal care OR pregnancy in the search box. Refine your search by clicking on Limits and making the following selections on the page: select a date (e.g. Published in the last 2 years); click on Languages: English; click on Species: Humans; and select Search Field Tags: MeSH Major Topic. Click on Search to get your results. To narrow your search further or for additional searches, use the MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) database to identify terms (e.g., (preconception care OR prenatal care OR pregnancy) AND diabetes mellitus).

    PubMed Health. Integrated access to clinical effectiveness reviews with easy-to-read summaries for consumers as well as full technical reports. To identify reviews and related materials, type preconception care OR prenatal care OR pregnancy in the search box. Click on Search to get your results. Narrow your search by selecting a publication type under "Refine your search" or adding search terms (e.g., preconception care OR prenatal care OR pregnancy AND folic acid).
Programs Databases

News and Commentary

Resources for Families

  • See the MCH Library family resource brief Preconception and Pregnancy for links to resources for care, services, and support before and during pregnancy and websites about preconception and pregnancy. A separate section lists websites for pregnant adolescents.

Related MCH Library Resources

Preconception and Pregnancy: Knowledge Path, 3rd ed. (January 2012).
Author: Susan Brune Lorenzo, M.L.S., MCH Library.
Reviewers: Jeanne Anastasi, M.A., National SUID/SIDS Resource Center; Shree Mohanty, M.A., M.S., R.D., L.D., Maternal and Child Health Bureau, Region V; Olivia K. Pickett, M.A., M.L.S., MCH Library.
Editor: Ruth Barzel, M.A., MCH Library.

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