Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention
Knowledge Path
Draft
Introduction
This knowledge path about
adolescent pregnancy prevention has been
compiled by the Maternal
and Child Health Library at
Georgetown University. It offers a selection
of current, high-quality resources that
measure, document, and monitor the problem;
identify risk and protective factors;
and report on promising intervention
strategies. This knowledge path offers
resources for health and social services professionals, policymakers,
and researchers. Separate sections identify
resources for families and schools. The
path will be updated periodically.
Related knowledge path: Social
and Emotional Development in Children
and Adolescents.
This knowledge path includes program
information, tools, and other resources
to promote healthy and safe adolescent behaviors.

Overview
See Why
It Matters: Linking Teen Pregnancy
Prevention to Other Critical Social
Issues, rev. ed. (2010) by the National
Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned
Pregnancy.
This fact sheet presents statistics
about adolescent pregnancy and birth
rates
and outlines the consequences of
adolescent pregnancy to the adolescent
mother, her child, and society. The National Campaign also
offers a set
of fact sheets about the
social issues impacted by adolescent
pregnancy.
Also see the strategies announced by the Department
of Health and Human Services (DHHS) to reduce adolescent and unintended pregnancy.

Resources
for Professionals
Web Sites
- Administration
for Children and Families (ACF):
Abstinence Education Division.
Information about the Community-Based
Abstinence Education (CBAE) Program,
which supports public and private
entities in developing and implementing
abstinence education programs for
adolescents in communities across
the country. Includes information
about the evaluation of adolescent
pregnancy prevention approaches
and contact information for local
CBAE grantees.
- Adolescent Pregnancy
Prevention Campaign of North Carolina (APPCNC). Information
about this program to support North Carolina communities in preventing
adolescent pregnancy through advocacy, collaboration, and education.
Includes information about the BrdsNBz
Text Message Warm Line, a text message service for North Carolina adolescents
to get answers to sexual health questions.
- Advocates
for Youth.
Data, reports, lesson
plans, information
about effective programs, and news
and commentary about adolescent
sexual and reproductive
health for health professionals,
educators, state adolescent pregnancy
prevention organizations, and advocates.
Topics
address abstinence, abortion, contraception,
parent-child
communication, sexuality education,
and adolescent pregnancy prevention.
Advocates for Youth aims to help
adolescents and young adults
make informed and responsible decisions
about their reproductive and sexual
health.
Also see the Parents
Sex Ed Center, the Sex
Education Resource Center,
and the Future of
Sex Education (FoSE).
- Campaign
for Our Children (CFOC).
Tools for public
health professionals and local
government officials for developing
research-based messages and educational
media campaigns about adolescent
pregnancy prevention and other
preventive health issues. Includes
video and audio clips and fact
sheets. CFOC was established in
1987 to
address
the high adolescent birth rate
in Maryland. CFOC's materials are
now used nationally and internationally.
Also see CFOC's Teen Guide.
- Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC).
Division
of Reproductive Health: Adolescent
Reproductive Health. Information
about funding programs, research,
science-based approaches, and state
and community
success stories for preventing
adolescent pregnancy, HIV, and
sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).
Recent publications include
Guide
to Community Preventive Services:
Prevention of HIV/AIDS, other STIs and Pregnancy.
Recommendations for
population-based interventions
that focus on abstinence education,
comprehensive risk reduction, and adolescent behavior.
Morbidity
& Mortality Weekly Reports
(MMWR).
Data based on weekly
reports to CDC by state health
departments. Recent reports
include
National
Center for Health Statistics (NCHS).
Briefs
and reports with data about
adolescent sexual activity, contraception,
pregnancy, and birth rates. Recent
materials include
Parents
Matter! Research-based information, resources, and tools for health
and social service professionals about including parents in sexual risk
prevention efforts targeting adolescents.
Also see CDC's Healthy
Youth! Sexual Risk Behaviors, the Youth
Risk Behavior Surveillance System
(YRBSS), and the Prevention
Research Centers.
- Child
Trends: Teen Sex and Pregnancy.
Research briefs, fact sheets, and other publications about sexual activity,
contraceptive use, and fertility to help program
providers and policymakers develop strategies
for preventing unintended pregnancies, nonmarital
births, and STDs. Child
Trends is a nonprofit, nonpartisan
research
organization
providing research and data to
inform decision-making that affects
families. Recent publications include
Estimated
Percentage of Females Who Will Become Teen Mothers: Differences Across States.
(2009). [Research brief].
Parents
Matter: The Role of Parents in Teens' Decisions About Sex. (2009). [Research
brief].
Percentage
of All Teen Births in Large Cities That Are Repeat Births, 2006. (2009).
[Fact sheet].
Telling
It Like It Is: Teen Perspectives on Romantic Relationships. (2009). [Research
brief].
Ten
Reasons to Still Keep the Focus on Teen Childbearing. (2009). [Research
brief].
Also see the Child Trends DataBank and the LINKS
Database.
- Guttmacher
Institute.
Fact sheets, policy
briefs, reports, articles,
PowerPoint presentations, and news about adolescent sexuality, abortion,
contraception, and pregnancy prevention. Some
materials are available in Spanish
and French. Also presents a state
center for
research and analysis about sexual
and reproductive health laws and
policy developments in the states.
The
Guttmacher Institute focuses on
sexual and reproductive
health
research, policy analysis, and
public education worldwide. Recent
publications include
Facts
on American Teens’ Sexual and Reproductive Health.
(2010).
Key
Questions for Consideration as a New Federal Teen
Pregnancy Prevention Initiative Is Implemented.
(2010). [Article].
U.S. Teenage Pregnancies,
Births and Abortions:
National and State Trends and Trends by Race
and Ethnicity. [2010]. [Report].
Winning
Campaign: California's Concerted Effort to Reduce
Its Teen Pregnancy Rate. (2010). [Article].
Also see the Guttmacher
Institute Data Center.
- Healthy
People 2010. Information
about this national health-promotion
and disease-prevention initiative
that is coordinated by the Office
of Disease Prevention and Health
Promotion (ODPHP). The initiative
addresses 467 objectives, and 14
focus on adolescent pregnancy.
To identify them, search the
objectives by selecting Age Groups:
Adolescents and young adults
and Topic: Pregnancy.
Click on Submit. See Data2010 for
data about the adolescent pregnancy
prevention objectives and the HP2010
Information Access Project for
access to published literature
related to the Healthy
People 2010 objectives
about adolescent pregnancy. Also view
proposed Healthy
People 2020 objectives for adolescent
pregnancy prevention.
- Healthy
Teen Network (HTN).
Reports, resource
guides, fact sheets, webinars,
and a conference calendar about
adolescent pregnancy prevention,
adolescent pregnancy, and adolescent
parenting. HTN is a national member-based
organization of adolescent
reproductive health professionals.
Recent resources include
Evidence-Based
Resource Center. Information and tools to help communities implement evidence-based
or innovative approaches to reducing adolescent pregnancy.
Helping
Teens Stay Healthy and Safe:
Health Care, Contraception, and Confidential Services. (2009). [Fact sheet].
Integrating
HIV, STI, and Teen Pregnancy Prevention Education and Services. (2009). [Fact
sheet].
Also see HTN's brochure for parents.
- National
Adolescent Health Information Center
(NAHIC). Fact sheets, policy
briefs, reports, and other materials
about adolescent
health on topics that include positive
adolescent development and reproductive
health. NAHIC is based at the University
of California, San Francisco. Recent resources include
Trends
in Adolescent and Young Adult Health
in the United States. (2009).
[Journal article].
Also see NAHIC's Data Project to Improve Adolescent and
Young Adult Health.
- National
Alliance to Advance Adolescent Health. Fact sheets, issue
briefs, reports, and journal article citations about health care topics
important to adolescents, such as health insurance and access to care;
development of adolescent-friendly, interdisciplinary models of care;
and assurance of confidential care. The alliance provides education,
research,
policy
analysis, and technical assistance to support improvements
in the way that adolescent health care is structured and financed. Recent
resources include
Significant Multiple Risk Behaviors Among U.S. High School Students. (2010). [Fact sheet].
- National
Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned
Pregnancy.
An extensive set of resources
about adolescent pregnancy prevention
for health and education professionals,
policymakers, faith communities, parents, adolescents,
and the media. Resources include national
and state data; information
about effective
programs;
reports; fact
sheets; PowerPoint presentations;
Spanish-language materials; posters;
audiovisuals; and news
and commentary. Topics include
contraception, foster care, male
involvement, parental involvement,
the influence of media on adolescent
sexual health, health reform, racial
and ethnic differences, and faith
and values. The National Campaign
is a nonprofit,
nonpartisan initiative that aims
to improve the well-being of children,
adolescents, families, and the
nation by preventing unplanned
and adolescent pregnancy. A selection
of recent publications and initiatives
includes
American Indian/Alaska Native Youth and Teen Pregnancy
Prevention. (2009). [Research
brief, PowerPoint
presentation].
Can
You Hear Me Now? Evaluating Your
Technical Assistance. (2009).
[Guide].
Careful,
Current, and Consistent: Tips to
Improve Contraceptive Use. (2010).
Crucial
Connection: Working Together to Address Teen Pregnancy Among
Youth in Foster Care. (2010).
[Video clip,
Discussion guide].
Effective
and Promising Teen Pregnancy Prevention
Programs for Latino Youth.
(2010). [Research brief].
Effective
Planning for Child Welfare Leaders
to Help Prevent Teen Pregnancy. (2010).
[Guide].
Federal
Funding for Teen Pregnancy Prevention
Programs. Information about
federal funding opportunities to
support evidence-based adolescent
pregnancy prevention programs.
Includes background
data and facts for proposal writing.
Link
Between Reducing Teen and Unplanned
Pregnancy and Poverty. (2010). [Policy brief].
National
Day to Prevent Teen Pregnancy.
A collection of resources for this
annual event, which
occurs on the first Wednesday in
May.
Nationwide
Trends for Latina Teen Birth Rates. (2009). [Data brief].
Promoting
Responsible Fatherhood Through Pregnancy
Planning and Prevention.
(2009). [Policy brief].
Putting
What Works to Work (PWWTW).
Reports, research briefs, case
studies, and presentations about
this project
to translate research on adolescent
pregnancy prevention practices
into user-friendly materials
for professionals, policymakers,
and advocates to incorporate
into their work.
Rethinking
Responsibility: Reflections on
Sex and Accountability.
(2009). [Collection of essays].
Toward
a Common Future: Latino Teens and
Adults Speak Out About Teen Pregnancy. (2009). [Report].
What
Helps in Providing Contraceptive
Services for Teens? (2009).
[Research brief].
What
Works 2010: Curriculum-Based
Programs That Prevent Teen
Pregnancy.
(2010). [Research brief].
- Office
of Adolescent Health (OAH): Teen Pregnancy Prevention.
Information about a federal initiative to support evidence-based
adolescent pregnancy prevention approaches. Includes grant announcements,
application forms, and technical assistance information.
Also includes information about the systematic review of the evidence
base
for programs to prevent adolescent pregnancy and information about
interventions meeting the review's criteria for programs with evidence
of effectiveness. OAH is part of the Department
of Health and Human Services (DHHS).
- Office
of Population Affairs (OPA).
Information about family planning
and adolescent family life grant
programs. Includes program
reports, data, evaluation instruments,
lists of grantees, a reproductive
health clinic directory,
and a publications list. OPA is
part of the Department
of Health and Human Services (DHHS).
- Promising
Practices Network (PPN) on Children,
Families, and Communities.
Information about programs and
practices that research indicates
are effective
in improving outcomes for children,
adolescents, and families, including
programs that increase the percentage
of adolescents who abstain from
sexual activity or do not engage
in risky sexual behavior. Also
contains resources for strengthening
service delivery. PPN is operated
by the RAND
Corporation.
- Resource
Center for Adolescent Pregnancy
Prevention (ReCAPP).
Tools and information
for teachers and health educators
on reducing sexual risk-taking
behaviors among adolescents. Includes
information about programs
that have shown evidence of changing
sexual risk-taking behavior; strategies
for educators and adolescents for
effective prevention; learning
activities that teachers and health
educators can use with adolescents;
rationales
behind the development of adolescent
pregnancy prevention strategies,
activities, and programs; statistics;
abstracts of current research;
and access
to ReCAPP's library.
ReCAPP was created by ETR,
a private, nonprofit health-education-promotion
organization.
- RESOURCE
Project.
Education tools for faculty
from a variety of disciplines to
use in enhancing the adolescent-health
training of public health students.
Includes a 12-unit adolescent-health
curriculum on topics such as adolescent
development, sexuality, and adolescent
pregnancy. The project is a collaborative
effort spearheaded by the Public
Policy Analysis and Education Center
for Middle
Childhood, Adolescent and Young
Adult Health.
- Sexuality
Information and Education Council
of the U.S. (SIECUS).
Resources about human
sexuality and adolescent development
that include program information;
policy, advocacy, and research
updates; and advocacy and
education tools. SIECUS is a national,
nonprofit
organization that provides education
and information about sexuality
and sexual and reproductive health.
Also see SIECUS' Talk About Sex, SexEdLibrary, and Future of
Sex Education (FoSE).
- Society
for Adolescent Health and Medicine
(SAHM). Position
papers on
topics that include abstinence-only
education policies and programs,
confidential health care for adolescents,
emergency contraception, media
and contraception, and reproductive
health care for adolescents. Also
offers an online
directory of
adolescent health professionals.
- Sociometrics
Corporation.
Adolescent-pregnancy data,
information about effective prevention
programs, and evaluation
resources for program
administrators
from
health clinics, schools, and community-based
organizations. Resources include
the Data
Archive on Adolescent Pregnancy
and Pregnancy Prevention (DAAPPP) and
journal articles about its development
and use. Also includes the Program
Archive on Sexuality, Health, and
Adolescence (PASHA),
a collection of effective adolescent
pregnancy, sexually transmitted
disease (STD), and HIV/AIDS prevention
programs selected
for
public dissemination
by a national panel of experts.
Replication kits for each of these
programs are available. Publications
and online professional training
in program modeling and evaluation
are also presented. Sociometrics
is a research and development firm
specializing in social science
research applications.

Additional Electronic
Resources
- Association of Maternal
and Child Health Programs (AMCHP). 2010. Adolescent
Health and Teen Pregnancy. Washington, DC: Association
of Maternal and Child Health Programs (AMCHP). This newsletter issue
describes federal and state programs and resources that address positive
youth development and healthy decision-making in all aspects of
an adolescent’s life. Sexual health and pregnancy
prevention are addressed.
- Association of Maternal
and Child Health Programs (AMCHP). 2010. Making
the Case: A Comprehensive Systems Approach for Adolescent Health and
Well-Being. Washington, DC: Association
of Maternal and Child Health Programs (AMCHP). This white paper presents
a framework and justification for a comprehensive systems
approach to adolescent health and well-being to help adolescents and
their families safely navigate the complex biological, behavioral, cognitive,
and social factors that impact their lives.
- Bixby Center for
Global Reproductive Health, Center on Social Disparities in Health.
2008. A
Question of Hope: Reducing Latina Teen Childbearing in California.
Berkeley, California: Ideas in Motion. This video clip is for policymakers,
health and social services professionals, and advocates concerned with
helping Latina adolescents delay childbearing until adulthood.
The video clip is also available in Spanish.
- Butler AS, Clayton EW, eds. 2009. A Review of the HHS Family Planning Program: Mission, Management, and Measurement
of Results. Washington, DC: National
Academies Press. This report describes a critical review of the Title
X Family Planning Program, a federal
program that provides family
planning services to low-income individuals and adolescents. The report
recommends several steps to improve the management and quality of the program
and to demonstrate the program's impact on factors such as reducing rates
of unintended pregnancy.
- Evans D. 2009. Recommended
Adolescent Health Care Utilization: How Social Marketing Can Help.
Washington, DC: National
Institute for Health Care Management Research and Educational Foundation.
This issue brief examines ways in which social marketing can help promote
adolescents' use of recommended health care services. The brief includes
examples of recent adolescent social marketing campaigns about sexuality
that used social media.
- Family Violence Prevention
Fund. 2010. Facts
on Adolescent Pregnancy, Reproductive Risk and Exposure to Dating and
Family Violence.
San Francisco, CA: Family Violence Prevention Fund. This fact sheet provides
information on pregnancy, reproductive risk, and exposure to dating and
family violence among female adolescents and young adults ages 16–24. The
fact sheet describes how violence affects reproductive health and how it
impacts risky behaviors.
- Lawrence RS, Gootman JA, Sim LJ, eds. 2008. Adolescent
Health Services: Missing Opportunities. Washington, DC: National
Academies Press. This report
examines the health status of adolescents and adolescent health services
in the United States, components of high-quality health care for adolescents,
and strategies for improvement.
- Monasterio E, Combs N, Warner L, Larsen-Fleming M, St.
Andrews A. 2010. Sexual
Health: An Adolescent Provider Toolkit. San Francisco, CA: Adolescent
Health Working Group, San Francisco. This toolkit provides evidence-based
practice guidelines to enhance a health professional’s
ability to meet adolescents’ sexual health needs.
- National Clearinghouse
on Families and Youth (NCFY). 2010. Bright
Idea: Texting for Teen Health. Silver Spring, MD: National Clearinghouse
on Families and Youth (NCFY). This article describes lessons learned
from a North Carolina adolescent pregnancy prevention campaign that
invites adolescents to ask questions about sexual health via anonymous text
messages.
- National Conference of State
Legislatures (NCSL). 2009. Building on Success: Teen Pregnancy Prevention in California. Denver, CO: National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL). This collection of meeting materials and background information addresses options to reduce adolescent pregnancy in California.
- National Conference of State
Legislatures (NCSL). 2009. Teen
Pregnancy Prevention: Making a Difference for At-Risk Populations. Denver, CO: National Conference of State
Legislatures (NCSL). This issue brief describes disparities in adolescent pregnancy and birth rates and adolescent populations at high risk for pregnancy. The brief highlights prevention programs that target these populations.
- Schwarz SW. 2010. Adolescent
Reproductive and Sexual Health: Facts for Policymakers. New York, NY: National
Center for Children in Poverty (NCCP). This fact sheet presents statistics
and facts about adolescent pregnancy, sexual activity, relationships,
and STDs. The fact sheet also outlines the system-level
challenges to attaining adolescent sexual and reproductive health and
recommendations for improvement.
- Trenholm C, Devaney B, Fortson K, Quay L, Wheeler J, Clark
M. 2007. Impacts
of Four Title V, Section 510 Abstinence
Education Programs: Final Report. Princeton, NJ: Mathematica
Policy Research, Inc. This report presents final results
from a congressionally mandated, multi-year, impact study of four abstinence education
programs.
- U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Oversight and
Government Reform. 2009. Domestic
Abstinence-Only Programs: Assessing the Evidence. Washington, DC: Government
Printing Office.
This report presents the testimonies of medical
and scientific experts about the public health evidence of the effectiveness
of abstinence-only programs and of more comprehensive programs.

Databases
The databases listed below
are excellent tools for identifying data,
additional literature
and research,
and programs about
adolescent pregnancy prevention. Many
of the entries below contain tips on
how to use the databases efficiently.
Please note that databases vary in how
terms should be entered; for example,
some require quotation marks and others
don't. Enter search phrases as shown
in bold below.
- Data
- Child
Trends DataBank.
Over 100 key indicators
of infant, child, and adolescent
well-being, including adolescent
pregnancy, sexual activity,
and contraceptive use.
- Community
Health Status Indicators (CHSI).
County-specific data on health-status indicators obtained from a
variety of federal agencies including
the Department of Health and Human Services, the
Environmental Protection Agency, the Census Bureau,
and the Department of Labor. Use the indicators to
compare a county with counties similar in population
composition and selected demographics and to characterize
the overall health of a county and its citizens to
support health planning. In the left sidebar, select
a state and county and click on Display Data. Select
Measures of Birth and Death and view Births to Women
under 18. CHSI is a service of the Department
of Health and Human Services (DHHS).
- Data2010:
The Healthy People 2010 Database.
Data for tracking Healthy
People 2010.
To obtain data about adolescent
pregnancy, abstinence, contraception,
and reproductive health education,
click on the field, Data by Focus
Area. Under the field, Select a
Focus Area, choose 09 - Family
Planning from the pop-up menu.
Next, click on the button for Include
Related Objectives From Other Focus
Areas in the Table. Click on the
Submit button. This data set is
provided by the National
Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) via CDC
Wonder.
- Data
Archive on Adolescent Pregnancy
and Pregnancy Prevention (DAAPPP).
Collection of studies about adolescent
sexual health issues, including
adolescent pregnancy, family planning,
and behavioral factors related
to STDs. Data sets are available
for download for a fee. DAAPPP
is a product of Sociometrics
Corporation.
- Guttmacher
Institute Data Center. Data on a range of abortion-,
pregnancy-, and family- planning–related issues. View national and state
profiles or customize the data to create tables, graphs, and maps.
- Healthcare Cost
and Utilization Project (HCUP): HCUPnet. Health statistics
and information on hospital inpatient and emergency department utilization
at the national, regional, and state
levels, including use of hospitals by children. To identify data about
hospital use related to adolescent pregnancy, select National Statistics
on Children. Select Researcher, medical professional. Under type of query,
select Statistics on specific diagnoses or procedures. Select a year
(e.g., 2006). Select Diagnoses grouped by Clinical Classifications Software
(CCS). Select Principal diagnosis. Under the field, Browse all CCS categories,
select 11 COMPLICATIONS OF PREGNANCY, CHILDBIRTH, AND THE PUERPERIUM.
Click on Next. Select the outcomes and measures of interest (e.g., Number
of discharges) and click on Next. Select patient and hospital characteristics
(e.g., All patients in all hospitals) and click on Next. View your results.
HCUP is an initiative of the Agency for Healthcare Research
and Quality (AHRQ).
- KIDS
COUNT Data Center. National
and state data to track the status
of infants, children, and adolescents
in the United States. The adolescent
birth rate is one of
several adolescent health indicators
tracked. KIDS COUNT is an Annie
E. Casey Foundation project. Publications include
KIDS COUNT Indicator Brief: Reducing the Teen Birth Rate. (2009).
- National
Adolescent Health Information Center (NAHIC): Data Project to Improve
Adolescent and Young Adult Health.
National and state-level profiles of key measures of adolescent and young adult health based on Healthy People
2010.
Includes data about pregnancy and safe sex behavior.
- National
Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned
Pregnancy. National
data about adolescent pregnancy,
births, and sexual activity. State
profiles on adolescent demographics,
pregnancy, sexual activity, and
the costs of adolescent childbearing.
- statehealthfacts.org.
State-level data on women's health, including abortion statistics by age. Information is displayed
as bar graphs, tables, or color-coded maps. View individual state profiles
or
compare
data for
all states by category. statehealthfacts.org is a project of the Kaiser
Family Foundation (KFF).
- Title
V Information System (Title V IS).
Data from annual Title
V Block Grant applications and
reports submitted by all 59 U.S.
states and jurisdictions. To learn
about states' efforts to address
adolescent pregnancy prevention,
conduct three searches. First,
select Measurement and Indicator
Data and go to the National Data
section. Select National Performance
Measures; select a report option;
and choose Performance Measure
#08: The rate of birth (per 1,000)
for teenagers aged 15 through 17
years. Click on Start Search to
get your results. Second, select
Measurement and Indicator
Data and go to the State Data section.
Select State Priority Needs Keyword
Search and choose Keyword: Reproductive
Health and Population: Adolescents.
Click on Start Search to get your
results. For the third search,
go back to
Measurement
and Indicator Data and the State Data section. This time, select
State Performance Measures and
click on Search by Keyword/Population.
Select Keyword: Reproductive Health
and Population: Adolescents. Click
on Start Search to get your results.
Title V IS is a service of the Maternal
and Child Health Bureau (MCHB).
- Youth
Risk Behavior Surveillance System
(YRBSS): Youth Online.
Data about health-risk behaviors
and the prevalence of obesity and
asthma among adolescents and young
adults. To identify
data related to adolescent pregnancy
prevention, select a location (i.e.,
United States,
state/territory,
local). Select the health
topic, Sexual Behaviors.
Select a subtopic (e.g., Ever had
sexual intercourse), and select
a year(s).
Youth
Online
is a service of CDC's Division
of Adolescent and School Health
(DASH).
- Also see the Morbidity
& Mortality Weekly Reports
(MMWR) and National
Center for Health Statistics
(NCHS).
- Literature
and Research Databases
- ClinicalTrials.gov.
Information about clinical
research studies for a wide range of diseases,
conditions, and health behaviors. Included
are a summary of the purpose
of the study, information about recruiting status,
criteria for patient participation,
location of the trial, and contact information.
To identify studies, click on
Search for Clinical Trials; enter
the search phrase pregnancy AND (youth OR teens OR adolescents); and click on Search to get your results. ClinicalTrials.gov
is a service of the National
Institutes of Health (NIH).
- Database
of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects
(DARE).
Summaries of systematic
reviews that have met strict quality
criteria. Included reviews must
be about the effects of interventions.
Each summary also provides a critical
commentary on the quality of the
review. Type pregnancy AND (adolescents OR teens OR youth) in
the search field and click on Search
to identify abstracts. DARE is
produced and maintained by the Centre
for Reviews and Dissemination at
the University of York.
- HP2010
Information Access Project: Family
Planning.
Automatic search mechanism
for published literature indexed
in PubMed related
to the Healthy
People 2010 family
planning objectives, which include
adolescent pregnancy prevention.
Also links to a narrative for each
objective and the complete
chapter about family planning in
the text, Healthy
People 2010: Understanding and
Improving Health, 2nd ed. (2000).
This service is provided by the Partners
in Information Access for the Public
Health Workforce,
a collaboration of federal agencies,
public health organizations, and
health sciences libraries.
- Maternal
and Child Health Library at
the National
Center for Education in Maternal
and Child Health (NCEMCH),
Georgetown University. Databases
to collect, manage, and disseminate
knowledge about
maternal and child health (MCH),
with special emphasis on knowledge
gained
from
initiatives
and programs
supported by the Maternal
and Child Health Bureau (MCHB).
The library's bibliographic database
is
MCHLine®.
An online catalog
of materials in the Maternal
and Child Health Library.
See the bibliographies, Abstinence Education, Adolescent
Pregnancy Prevention, and Sexuality Education.
Also see the library's
resource briefs, Sexuality
Education and Adolescent
Health,
and the MCH
Organizations Database.
- National
Institutes of Health (NIH) Research Portfolio Online Reporting Tool
(RePORT): RePORTER. Information about reports, data, and
analyses of NIH research activities, including information
on NIH expenditures and the results of
NIH-supported research. To identify information
on the topic, enter adolescent pregnancy prevention in
the search field and click
on Submit Query to get your results. Narrow your
search by selecting a state or adding terms to
other search fields.
- POPLINE®
(POPulation information onLINE).
More than 300,000 citations
with abstracts to scientific articles,
reports, books, and unpublished reports
about reproductive health. Conduct an
instant search of the database by clicking
on Adolescent Pregnancy from the list
of instant search topics on the right
side of the screen. POPLINE is maintained by the K4Health Project at
the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of
Public Health/Center for Communication
Programs.
- PubMed.
Over 19 million citations
for biomedical articles from MEDLINE
and life science journals. Citations
may include links to full-text articles
from PubMed Central or publisher Web
sites. To identify articles on the
topic, enter the term pregnancy
in adolescence/prevention and control.
Then, click on Limits and make the
following selections on the page: select
a date (e.g. Published in the last
2 years); click on Languages: English;
and select Search Field Tags:
MeSH Major Topic. Click on Search to
get your
results.
For additional
searches, use
the MeSH
(Medical Subject Headings) database
to identify terms (e.g., sexual abstinence,
sex education, condoms). PubMed is
a service of the National
Library of Medicine (NLM).
Also see the HP2010
Information Access Project for
access to published literature indexed
in PubMed and related to the Healthy
People 2010 objectives
about adolescent pregnancy prevention.
- Resource
Center for Adolescent Pregnancy
Prevention (ReCAPP) Library.
Information about booklets,
articles, teaching guides, videotapes,
Web sites, and other resources
about adolescent pregnancy prevention.
Select teen pregnancy prevention from
the category field. Other categories
include contraception, effective
prevention programs, male involvement,
and Spanish-language materials.
- Also see the Educational
Resources Information Center (ERIC)
Database and the SexEdLibrary.
- Programs
Databases
- Child
Trends: LINKS (Lifecourse Interventions to Nurture Kids Successfully)
Database. Summaries of evaluations
of out-of-school-time programs that work (or not) to enhance children's
development. To identify those that address adolescent pregnancy prevention,
select Age Group: Adolescents and Reproductive Health: Teen Pregnancy
and Sexual Activity (select both). Click on Submit Keywords to get your
results.
- Community
Pediatrics Grants Database.
Archive of community
pediatrics grant projects. Identify projects
by selecting Developmental Stage/Age: Adolescents
and Topic: Sex education and Teen Pregnancy & Parenting.
Hold down the control key (ctrl) or Apple command
key and click your mouse to make multiple selections.
Click on Advanced Submit to get your results.
The database is a service of the American
Academy of Pediatrics (AAP).
- Discretionary
Grant Information System (DGIS).
Information for more than 900 grants
issued by the Maternal
and Child Health Bureau (MCHB). To identify
grants, select Abstracts. Type teen pregnancy prevention in
the search field, and click on All the words. Click on Search to get your
results. To find
products and publications produced by MCHB training
grantees, select Program Data; select Training; and select Search Products
and Publications. Type teen pregnancy prevention in
the search field, and click on All the words. Click on Search to get your
results.
- FindYouthInfo.gov:
Program Directory. Information about evidence-based, federally
funded adolescent programs. Search by risk factor (e.g., early sexual
involvement) or protective factor (e.g., clear social norms).
Click
on Search
to get your results.
- Health
Services Research Projects in Progress
(HSRProj).
Information about ongoing
health services research and public
health projects. To identify projects
on the topic, enter the search
phrase (adolescent OR teen)
AND pregnancy. Click on Search
to get your results. HSRProj is
funded by the National
Library of Medicine (NLM).
- MCH
Organizations Database.
Over 2,000 government, professional,
and voluntary organizations involved
in MCH activities, primarily at
a national level. Several national
organizations offer information
about adolescent pregnancy prevention,
and these appear in a list produced
from the database. The database
is presented by the Maternal
and Child Health Library.
- National
Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned
Pregnancy: Interventions with Evidence
of Success. Information about
interventions that have some evidence
of success in changing behavior
related to adolescent pregnancy
(i.e., delay the initiation of sex, improve contraceptive use, decrease
teen
pregnancy,
or decrease a second pregnancy). Click on elements in the Category
Search box to
define your search.
- Prevention
Research Centers (PRC): Research Projects.
Information about research projects conducted by CDC-funded Prevention
Research Centers, which work as an interdependent network of community,
academic, and public health partners to conduct prevention research and
promote the wide use of practices proven to promote good health. To identify
adolescent pregnancy prevention projects, click on Find research project
descriptions that meet specified criteria. Select Health Topics: Sexual
health, and select Age Group: Adolescents. Click on Search to get your
results.
- Also see Advocates for Youth, Sociometrics Corporation, the Future of
Sex Education (FoSE), and the NASBE
State School Health Policy Database.

News and Commentary
- Advocates
for Youth. Several
blogs about adolescent reproductive
and sexual health policy, culture,
current events and research,
and
parent-child
communication. Also offers Daily
News, a list of headlines with
links to articles about
adolescent reproductive and sexual
health.
- Guttmacher
Institute E-mail Updates. Three electronic newsletters
about sexual and reproductive health
news and analysis: (1) Guttmacher
Update, (2) State News Quarterly,
and (3) News Providers Can Use from the Guttmacher Institute.
- National
Association of County and City Health Officials (NACCHO): Adolescent
Health Update.
An electronic newsletter about adolescent health resources, conferences,
funding opportunities, and news for professionals working in
local health departments. Topics include adolescent pregnancy prevention.
- National
Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned
Pregnancy.
The blog, Pregnant
Pause, about adolescent
and unplanned pregnancy and Notification
Network,
an e-mail news service that covers
adolescent pregnancy prevention
facts, data, research, publications,
program information, and media
messages.
- National
Clearinghouse on Families and Youth: Abstinence Education E-Update.
An electronic newsletter about abstinence-education news, funding opportunities,
and research, along with tips and
promising practices for adolescent programs.
- Also see Sex, etc., Stay Teen, and Answer.

Resources
for Families
- Find
Health Care for Teens
- American
Academy of Pediatrics: Find a Pediatrician
or Pediatric Specialist. Search
by physician contact information
and medical specialty/interest
(for example, teen health) to find pediatricians who are AAP members.
- Health
Resources and Services
Administration
(HRSA): Find a Health Center.
Search by address, city,
state, or zip code to find
a federally funded health
center that provides free
or low-cost care.
- Office
of Population Affairs Clearinghouse: Search the Family Planning Database.
Search by city, state, or zip code to find contact information for Title
X–funded health clinics that
provide family planning and reproductive
health care to low-income and uninsured
people in the United States at
no cost or low cost.
- Planned
Parenthood Federation of America
(PPFA): Find a Health Center.
Search by state
or zip code to find a
PPFA health center affiliate that
offers sexual and reproductive
health care for women, men, and teens.
- Society
for Adolescent Health and Medicine
(SAHM): Find an Adolescent Health Professional.
Search by name, city, state, country
(for international searches), discipline,
or area of interest to find teen
health professionals who are SAHM
members.

- Web
Sites for Parents and Caregivers
- 4Parents.gov.
Tips for talking with kids and teens
about healthy relationships, puberty, waiting to have
sex, risky behaviors, and pregnancy.
- Advocates
for Youth: Parents
Sex Ed Center.
Articles and information about
growth and development, talking
about
sex,
sexual health,
waiting to have sex, and contraception.
Recent materials include
Parent-Child
Communication: Promoting Sexually Healthy Youth. (2009). [Article].
- Children Now: Talking
with Kids About Tough Issues.
Tips for talking more
easily with your child about difficult
issues, including sex.
- HealthyChildren.org: Dating and Sex. Articles on talking with teens about sex, sexuality, dating, and love.
- National
Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy: Parent's
Portal. Information and tips about how to communicate with
teens about sex and unwanted pregnancy. Materials include
It’s
Your Responsibility to Talk to
Youth: Pregnancy Prevention for
Youth in Foster Care.
(2010). This tool suggests ways
for caregivers to talk about sex,
pregnancy,
and
STDs with
kids and teens in their care.
Relationship
Redux: Tips and Scripts for Talking
to Your Kids About Relationships. (2009).
Talking
Back: What Teens Want Adults to Know About Teen Pregnancy.
(2010). [Tips].
That's
What He Said: What Guys Think About
Sex, Love, Contraception, and Relationships. (2010). [Survey results].
- Planned
Parenthood Federation of America
(PPFA): Tools For Parents.
Information about sexuality, puberty,
and how to talk with your kids
about sex.
Link to additional information
about abortion,
contraception, body image, relationships,
sexuality, and STDs.
- Healthy
Teen Network. 2010. Opportunity
Knocks: Using Teachable Moments to Convey Safer Sex Messages to Young
People. Baltimore, MD: Healthy Teen Network. This fact sheet describes
how to take advantage of teachable moments to talk about safe sex
practices.

- Web Sites for Teens
- Campaign
for Our Children: Teen Guide. Information about waiting
to have sex, talking with your parents about sex, sexuality, contraception,
safe dating,
and more. Includes online quizzes to find out what you really know about
sex.
- girlshealth.gov:
Body.
Facts for girls about taking
care of your body. Includes information
about sexuality, puberty, talking
to your parents about sex, waiting
to have sex, and STDs.
- Go
Ask Alice! A
health question-and-answer service
on topics
that include relationships, sexuality, and
sexual health.
- Planned
Parenthood Federation of America (PPFA): Teen Talk.
Questions and answers, video clips, and facts in English and Spanish about puberty,
dating, sexuality, contraception, and preventing pregnancy and STDs.
- Sex,
Etc.
Information about sexual health,
relationships, and pregnancy and
STD
prevention. Includes facts, answers
to frequently asked questions,
a glossary of common sex terms,
a blog, video clips, discussion
forums, and advocacy tools.
- Stay
Teen. Information about relationships, waiting
to have sex, contraception, and
how to avoid pregnancy. Includes articles, video clips, social media,
and the Youth Online Network, an electronic forum for teens to share news and opinions about
teen pregnancy prevention.
- Talk
About Sex. Information about sexuality, sexual and reproductive
health, relationships, and good decision-making.
- Teens
Health: Sexual Health. Information for girls and guys
about puberty, relationships, waiting
to have sex, and contraception.

Resources
for Schools: Sexuality Education
- Advocates
for Youth: Sex Education Resource Center. Sexuality education
lesson plans, curricula, and national standards; descriptions of programs
that have
been proven to reduce risky sexual behavior; and policy and advocacy
information and tools, including state profiles of sexuality education
policies and health outcomes. Also see the Future of
Sex Education (FoSE).
- Answer.
Lesson plans, discussion guides, online workshops and webinars,
and a blog about adolescent sexuality and sexuality
education. Located
at Rutgers University, Answer is a national organization dedicated to providing
and promoting
comprehensive sexuality education to adolescents and the adults who teach
them. Also see the Future of
Sex Education (FoSE).
- Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC): Healthy Youth! Sexual
Risk Behaviors.
Information about school health
policies and programs, data,
and guidelines for developing
school health programs to prevent adolescent pregnancy and STDs.
Also see the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS).
- Education Resources Information Center (ERIC) Database. Information about
journal articles, research reports,
teaching guides,
curricula, conference papers, and
books covering all aspects of
education-related issues. To identify
resources on the topic, click on
Advanced Search. Under Search for,
select Descriptors (from Thesaurus)
and type (adolescents OR
youth) AND pregnancy in
the field to the right. Select
a publication date
or date range, and click on Search
to get your results. To narrow
your search further or for additional
searches, use the ERIC
Thesaurus to identify terms (e.g., sex education).
ERIC is sponsored
by the Department
of Education.
- Future
of Sex Education (FoSE). A history of sexuality education
in the United States and an overview of the current barriers to comprehensive
sexuality education
implementation.
Presents information about
FoSE's mission to advance comprehensive sexuality education in schools;
a toolkit and a strategic framework for
advancing sexuality education policy and implementation at the national,
state, and local levels; and links to a selection of comprehensive sexuality
education programs, evidence-based programs that have been proven to
reduce
risky sexual behavior, lesson plans,
and national standards and assessment tools. FoSE is a project of Advocates
for Youth, Answer, and SIECUS.
- National
Association of State Boards of
Education (NASBE): State School
Health Policy Database. A collection of state laws and policies
in key areas of school health. Click on View by Topic. Scan the categories
in the left sidebar and choose a topic (e.g., HIV, STD, and Pregnancy
Prevention Education under Curriculum and Instruction; Pregnant or
Parenting Students under Accommodation).
- Sexuality
Information and Education Council of the U.S. (SIECUS): SexEdLibrary.
Lesson plans, background information, and statistics about human sexuality
and announcements about training opportunities for educators and health
professionals.
- National Dissemination Center
for Children with Disabilities (NICHCY). 2010. Sexuality
Education for Children and Youth with Disabilities. Washington, DC: National Dissemination Center
for Children with Disabilities (NICHCY). This resource guide links to information on sexuality education for kids and teens with disabilities.
- See the MCH Library's resource briefs, School
Health and Sexuality
Education.
- Also see the Resource Center for Adolescent
Pregnancy Prevention (ReCAPP).

Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention: Knowledge Path, 6th ed. (July
2010).
Author: Susan Brune
Lorenzo, M.L.S., Maternal and Child Health
Library.
Reviewers: Olivia K. Pickett, M.A., M.L.S.,
Maternal and Child Health Library. [ADD REVIEWERS' NAMES]
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