Maternal and Child Health Library

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September 15, 2006

1. FACT SHEET FOCUSES ON OPPORTUNITIES FOR STATES TO PREVENT INJURY AMONG CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS

Leading Causes of Injuries Among Children and Adolescents presents statistics on common injury mechanisms among children and adolescents as well as opportunities for prevention. The fact sheet, produced by the Association of State and Territorial Health Officials, includes information on motor vehicle injuries, child and adolescent violence, suicide, recreational injuries, and child maltreatment. The fact sheet is available at http://www.astho.org/pubs/AdolescentfactsheetfinalAugust2006.pdf.

• Of the 67,404 alcohol advertisements assessed in the sample from all 104 markets, 32,800 (49%) were placed on programming for which the local audience was composed disproportionately of underage youth.
• Results based on a 15% National Research Council and Institute of Medicine threshold were similar to those based on the market standard.
• Of all advertisements in the 104 markets, 9,158 (14%) aired on programs for which underage youth represented more than 30% of the audience.
• Overall, 71% of total underage youth exposure to radio alcohol advertising was accounted for by advertisements on programs with disproportionately large underage youth audiences; 32% of advertising exposure was accounted for by advertisements that aired on programs exceeding the 30% threshold.

• Seventy-seven percent of the mother-child dyads were assigned to the neither depression nor violence category, 7% to violence alone, 13% to depression alone, and 3% to both.
• Maternal depression alone was associated with decreases in mean child reading scores, mathematics, and general knowledge. Regarding child behaviors, maternal depression alone had a statistically significant association only with interpersonal skills.
• After adjusting for violence exposure, the effect of maternal depression on reading scores decreased in magnitude by 24%; on general knowledge by 25%; and on externalizing behavior by 31%.
• Among children with dual exposure to maternal depression and violence, decreases in mean scores for reading, mathematics, and general knowledge were more than double in magnitude, compared with those among children exposed to either factor alone. Regarding behavior, children with dual exposure had significantly lower scores for self-control, whereas the effects of violence or maternal depression alone were less substantial.
• In all categories of school functioning, the combined effect of depression and violence seemed greater for boys than for girls.

• Combined breastmilk and infant formula was the most common breastfeeding intention.
• In multivariate analysis, treatment effects for respiratory tract, gastrointestinal, and any BFS illnesses were not statistically significant.
• For otitis media, there was a significant treatment group-by-Medicaid interaction, with reduced visits for the intervention group's non-Medicaid participants relative to its Medicaid participants.
• There were no differences in exclusive breastfeeding rates at any time; these rates peaked for both groups at 2 weeks.
• The intervention group was significantly more likely to breastfeed at each week, up to and including week 20, except for week 18.
• Group differences for 50% or more breast milk remained statistically significant for each week, up to and including week 9.